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Giới Thiệu Về Ngành Luật Học Lanatta, Después De La Condena Por La Fuga: “voy A Luchar, No Me Resigno A Pasar Toda Mi Vida En La Cárcel” ‘così Farò Risorgere Tiscali Dopo La Fuga Del Socio Di Maggioranza E L’ingresso Di Costamagna’ Người Nước Ngoài Có Được Sở Hữu Nhà Ở Việt Nam Không Người Việt Mua Nhà Ở Úc Năm 2022 Dễ Hay Khó?
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-019-0353-5
Factors associated with alexithymia
the Lebanese population: results of
Background: To our knowledge, no research project on alexithymia has been conducted in Lebanon. The objective of
this study was to assess risk factors associated with alexithymia in a repsentative sample of the Lebanese population.
Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, conducted between November 2022 and March 2022, which enrolled 789
participants from al districts of Lebanon. The Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) was used to measure alexithymia, the
Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test to assess alcohol use, drinking patterns, and alcohol-related issues, the
Rosenberg self-esteem scale to evaluate self-worth, the Hamilton depssion rating scale and Hamilton Anxiety Scale to
screen for depssion and anxiety respectively, the Three-Dimensional Work Fatigue Inventory to measure physical,
ideation and behavior, the Perceived Stress Scale to measure stress, the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale to help identify a
social anxiety disorder and the Quick Emotional Intelligence Self-Assessment to measure emotional intelligence.
Results: The results showed that 395 (50.4%) were not alexithymic, 226 (28.8%) were possible alexithymic,
whereas 163 (20.8%) were alexithymic according to established clinical cutoffs. Stress (Beta=0.456), emotional
exhaustion (Beta=0.249), the AUDIT score (Beta=0.225) and anxiety (Beta=0.096) were associated with higher
associated with lower alexithymia.
People in distress (Beta=7.33) was associated with higher alexithymia scores, whereas people with high wellbeing
(Beta= − 2.18), an intermediate (Beta= − 2.90) and a high (Beta= − 2.71) family monthly income were associated with
lower alexithymia compared to a low one.
Conclusion: Alexithymia appears to be influenced by many factors, including stress, anxiety, and burnout. To reduce its
pvalence, it is important that health professionals educate the public about these factors. Further studies on a larger
scale are needed to confirm our findings.
Keywords: Alexithymia, Stress, Burnout, Anxiety
† Pascale Salameh and Souheil Hallit are last co-authors.
1 Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, P.O. Box 60096, Jall-Eddib, Lebanon
3 INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Sante Publique, Epidemiologie Clinique et
Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon
Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to
the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver
Obeid et al. BMC Psychology
their emotions to guide their behavior, a reduced stress
The main benefit of cluster analysis is that similar par-
in studies across 18 different ethnic and racial groups
ticipants can be grouped together. This helps identify
patterns, reveal associations, and outline structure be-
tween participants. The emergence of a clear structure
out of this analysis can allow easier decision-making.
Based on the alexithymia theory, higher alexithymia is
more likely to be seen in people with negative emotions
mic people have difficulties in regulating their emotions.
The low emotion regulation level is associated with low
than a million) that came to Lebanon had a negative its
levels of social ability, emotion expssion and emotion
Lebanese civil war had many negative consequences on
paired ability to understand their own feelings and those
the mental health, as mental disorders were seen in about
widespad in psychosomatic patients who have trouble
tal disorders remain underreported as Lebanese do not
often seek the help of a specialist to diagnose and treat
and in adhering to psychological and behavioral pro-
to our knowledge, no research project on alexithymia has
neuropsychiatric diseases such as substance use disorder,
been conducted in Lebanon. Therefore, the objective of
posttraumatic stress disorder, panic disorder, and soma-
the psent study was to assess factors (alcohol depend-
Numbers have shown that alexithymia is a personality
anxiety, emotional intelligence, suicidal ideation and be-
havior, work fatigue) and different clusters associated with
Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) cutoff scores, its
alexithymia in a sample of the Lebanese adult population.
pvalence have been reported at 10.0% in the German
Between November 2022 and March 2022, 789 commu-
of alexithymia ranged between 9 and 17% for men and
nity dwelling participants were enrolled from all Lebanese
governorates/regions, using a proportionate random sam-
Alexithymia has been shown to be associated with
ple. Each governorate is pided into Caza, which is di-
vided into multiple villages. Two villages were randomly
age, low educational level and low socioeconomic sta-
chosen, from which participants were randomly selected.
participate.
Excluded were those who refused to fill the questionnaire,
because alcohol may offer a coping strategy to boost
and those who self-reported psychiatric problems (such as
schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, drug abuse), mental re-
tardation and dementia, which would make it difficult to
understand and complete the study questionnaire. Trained
which is defined as a psychological state or process
clinical psychologists performed data collection through
personal interviews with the participants. They had a
training prior to launching data collection to ensure the
quality of research and avoid interrater variability as much
as possible. A clinical psychologist, independent of this
ithymia may be a coping or defense strategy to chal-
study, also clinically evaluated the level of psychiatric ill-
ness in the study group to exclude those with psychiatric
In addition to aforementioned risk factors, a negative
problems. The same methodology was used in pvious
association was found between struggle in expssing
Minimal sample size calculation
intelligence are not related but are robustly inversely
According to a population size of 6,000,000 in Lebanon,
correlated constructs: the existence of alexithymic traits
a pvalence of 24.6% of alexithymic subjects based on a
in inpiduals is a sign of low emotional intelligence. In
Obeid et al. BMC Psychology
studies), and a 95% confidence level, the minimal sample
The perceived stress scale (PSS)
size needed was 285 according to the Epi info software.
This ten-item instrument is used to evaluate stress in
the last month, with answers graded from 0 (never) to 4
(very often); higher scores reflect higher perceived stress.
The questionnaire used was in Arabic, the native language
of Lebanon. The first part assessed sociodemographic
Liebowitz social anxiety scale (LSAS)
characteristics of the included participants (age, gender,
education level, marital status, socioeconomic level, type
of alcohol drunk), and the other part consisted of the dif-
This self-reported scale contains 13 questions relate to
with higher scores reflecting higher social fear and
ferent scales used in this study:
Toronto alexithymia scale (TAS-20)
Items are rated using 5-point Likert scale from 1=
strongly disagree to 5=strongly agree. The cut-off scoring
The quick emotional intelligence self-assessment
Four subscales, each composed of 10 questions, derive
from this scale: emotional awareness, emotional manage-
ment, social emotional awareness and relationship man-
agement. Items are measured from 0 (never) to 4
(always), with higher scores reflecting higher emotional
All scales were translated from English to Arabic
The alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT)
The self-reported ten-item scale was used to assess alco-
gerous when participants scored 8 or more.
through an initial translation and a back translation
process. A mental health specialist translated the English
version into Arabic, and then this version was translated
back into English by another specialist. Upon completion
of this process, translators compared the English ver-
Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSES)
This 10-item scale evaluates self-worth by measuring both
were graded from 1 (strongly agree) to 4 (strongly dis-
agree), with higher scores indicating higher self-esteem.
sions of all scales to determine if the variables had the
lated for all the scales as follows: TAS (0.778), AUDIT
(0.885), RSES (0.733), HDRS (0.890), HAM-A (0.898),
physical work fatigue (0.823), mental work fatigue
(0.667), emotional work fatigue (0.909), C-SSRS (0.762),
Hamilton depssion rating scale (HDRS)
The validated Arabic version of the HDRS was used in
depssion.
PSS (0.667), LSAS total score (0.954), LSAS fear subscale
(0.945), LSAS avoidance subscale (0.953), emotional
awareness (0.823), emotional management (0.888), social
emotional awareness (0.902) and relationship manage-
Hamilton anxiety scale (HAM-A)
consists of 14 items, rated from 0 (symptoms not
psent) to 4 (very severe symptoms); higher scores re-
Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software ver-
sion 23. The independent-sample t-test was used when
comparing two means. For categorical variables, the
Chi-2 was used when applicable. A stepwise linear re-
gression was conducted taking the alexithymia score as
The three-dimensional work fatigue inventory (3D-WFI)
It consists of a total of 18 questions (3 packs of 6 ques-
tions each) and measures physical, mental and emotional
0 = never to 4 = every day. Higher scores indicate higher
fatigue in all 3 dimensions.
the dependent variable and taking all variables that
0.05 was considered significant.
Patterns among specific samples can be concluded
from the factor and cluster analyses. An exploratory fac-
Columbia-suicide severity rating scale (C-SSRS)
tor analysis was conducted as a first step to classify pat-
This six-item instrument evaluates suicidal ideation and
terns of the different factors associated with alexithymia
behavior, with a score of 0 indicating the absence of sui-
in the current sample, with the extraction being done via
cidal ideation, whereas a score of 1 or more reflects its
a promax rotation. The results of the Kaiser – Meyer –
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A’ Design Award And Competition Vợ Chồng Gốc Á Mua Đứt Con Phố Ở San Francisco Vướng Kiện Tụng San Francisco Sẽ Xóa Bỏ Hàng Ngàn Án Tù Liên Quan Đến Cần Sa Từ Năm 1975 Golden Gate University School Of Law, San Francisco, Hoa Kỳ Sfam: San Francisco Luật Sư Tạp Chí